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bond 1.00% 0.99% 0.95% 0.89% 0.81% 0.71% 0.59% 0.45% 0.31% 0.16% 0.00% s&p500 0.00% 0.16% 0.31% 0.45% 0.59% 0.71% 0.81% 0.89% 0.95% 0.99% 1.00% 100.080 100.750 100.000 100.280 100.692 100.025 100.091 100.081 100.081 109.817 109.100 109.240 100.110 100.617 100.000 100.264 100.582 100.004 100.069 100.058 100.057 108.012 108.530 108.577 100.141 100.452 100.000 100.217 100.495 100.000 100.066 100.038 100.040 106.049 107.784 107.718 100.157 100.276 100.000 100.137 100.467 100.021 100.093 100.021 100.040 104.041 106.995 106.790 100.146 100.143 100.000 100.051 100.607 100.087 100.162 100.027 100.082 102.318 106.548 106.179 100.131 100.151 100.000 100.079 101.156 100.242 100.288 100.120 100.210 101.614 107.355 106.789 100.170 100.359 100.000 100.370 102.251 100.462 100.425 100.338 100.415 103.003 110.991 110.180 100.263 100.665 100.000 100.559 103.114 100.517 100.396 100.477 100.496 106.862 119.270 118.149 100.400 100.834 100.088 100.000 102.362 100.471 100.434 100.517 100.467 111.456 135.055 133.594 101.346 101.361 101.198 100.000 101.509 101.255 101.536 101.334 101.324 114.216 170.918 170.345 100.402 100.427 100.310 100.000 100.405 100.132 100.288 100.150 100.296 107.440 142.314 125.169 BEKK DIAGONAL - VT BEKK SCALAR BEKK SCALAR - VT DCC-ASY-GEN DCC-ASYMMETRIC DCC-GENERALIZED DCC-IMA DCC-MR DCC-RANK FIXED (all sample) OGARCH 1 OGARCH 2 Average 100.159 100.403 100.000 100.033 101.093 100.147 100.204 100.142 100.174 106.648 120.267 118.258 Table 157: sample variance of minimum variance portfolios subject to a required return of 1 (sample: 1001-end) 39
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Followed by the ENIAC in the 40’s The ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes and 5 million hand-soldered joints. It weighed about 30 tons, was 8 × 3 × 100 feet in size, occupied an area of 1,800 square feet, and used 150 kW of electricity. and the Univac in the 50’s
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bond 1.00% 0.99% 0.95% 0.89% 0.81% 0.71% 0.59% 0.45% 0.31% 0.16% 0.00% s&p500 0.00% 0.16% 0.31% 0.45% 0.59% 0.71% 0.81% 0.89% 0.95% 0.99% 1.00% 100.511 100.931 100.000 100.253 100.625 100.402 100.458 112.560 104.676 120.472 111.264 100.462 101.745 100.557 101.014 100.000 100.176 100.481 100.330 100.364 112.188 104.607 117.156 109.198 100.442 101.654 100.592 101.162 100.000 100.112 100.330 100.260 100.276 111.464 104.427 113.237 106.905 100.480 101.546 100.561 101.393 100.000 100.062 100.170 100.168 100.190 110.313 104.131 108.851 104.490 100.536 101.422 100.392 101.578 100.000 100.017 100.005 100.045 100.093 108.717 103.743 104.476 102.268 100.524 101.277 100.328 101.471 100.012 100.079 100.000 100.073 100.105 106.990 103.500 101.517 101.107 100.512 101.239 100.636 101.218 100.000 100.390 100.411 100.524 100.441 105.665 103.734 102.748 102.429 100.644 101.479 100.674 100.912 100.000 100.859 101.066 101.155 101.006 104.578 104.064 110.842 106.870 100.639 101.836 100.076 100.534 100.000 101.284 101.439 101.407 101.385 104.130 103.176 121.875 112.237 100.183 102.002 100.601 100.815 101.616 101.368 101.574 101.333 101.520 110.939 101.852 123.302 114.554 100.000 101.743 100.498 101.415 101.151 100.000 100.297 100.245 100.081 114.037 107.580 109.876 107.572 100.197 102.290 EXP-SM MA(20) MA(100) DCC-IMA (recursive) DCC-MR (recursive) DCC-ASY (recursive) DCC-RANK (recursive) OGARCH1 (recursive) OGARCH2 (recursive) FIXED (sample 1-1000) FIXED (daily update) DCC-ASY-GEN (recursive) DCC-GEN (recursive) Average 100.238 100.874 100.000 100.165 100.328 100.287 100.285 108.954 103.868 111.942 106.909 100.165 101.400 Table 158: sample variance of minimum variance portfolios subject to a required return of 1 (sample: 1001-end) 42
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initialEmissionsFile >> stateFirstLetter; while (!initialEmissionsFile.eof()) { initialEmissionsFile >> stateSecondLetter; initialEmissionsFile >> coalEmission; initialEmissionsFile >> petroleumEmission; initialEmissionsFile >> naturalGasEmission; finalEmissionsFile << << << << finalEmissionsFile << finalEmissionsFile << finalEmissionsFile << finalEmissionsFile << << << stateFirstLetter << stateSecondLetter " Fuel Emissions (in Millions of“ << endl " Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide" << endl "---------------------------------" << endl; " Coal: " << coalEmission << endl; " Petroleum: " << petroleumEmission << endl; " Natural Gas: " << naturalGasEmission << endl; " TOTAL: " coalEmission + petroleumEmission + naturalGasEmission endl << endl << endl; initialEmissionsFile >> stateFirstLetter; } initialEmissionsFile.close(); finalEmissionsFile.close(); cout << "New file " << finalEmissionsFileName << " created and loaded." << endl << endl; } // Prime the EOF loop return; // Reprime the EOF loop AK AK Fuel Fuel Emissions Emissions (in (in Millions Millions of of Metric Metric Tons Tons of of Carbon Carbon Dioxide Dioxide ----------------------------------------------------------------Coal: Coal: 1.3 1.3 Petroleum: Petroleum: 23.8 23.8 Natural Natural Gas: Gas: 21.9 21.9 TOTAL: TOTAL: 47 47 AL AL Fuel Fuel Emissions Emissions (in (in Millions Millions of of Metric Metric Tons Tons of of Carbon Carbon Dioxide Dioxide ----------------------------------------------------------------Coal: Coal: 80.7 80.7 Petroleum: Petroleum: 38.8 38.8 Natural Natural Gas: Gas: 20.7 20.7 TOTAL: TOTAL: 140.2 140.2 AR AR Fuel Fuel Emissions Emissions (in (in Millions Millions of of Metric Metric Tons Tons of of Carbon Carbon Dioxide Dioxide ----------------------------------------------------------------Coal: Coal: 25.6 25.6 Petroleum: Petroleum: 26.2 26.2 Natural Natural Gas: Gas: 11.9 11.9 TOTAL: TOTAL: 63.7 63.7 AZ AZ Fuel Fuel Emissions Emissions (in (in Millions Millions of of Metric Metric Tons Tons of of Carbon Carbon Dioxide Dioxide ----------------------------------------------------------------Coal: Coal: 40.3 40.3 Petroleum: Petroleum: 37.8 37.8 Natural Natural Gas: Gas: 18.8 18.8 TOTAL: TOTAL: 96.9 96.9 CA CA Fuel Fuel Emissions Emissions (in (in Millions Millions of of Metric Metric Tons Tons of of Carbon Carbon Dioxide Dioxide ----------------------------------------------------------------Coal: Coal: 6.5 6.5 Petroleum: Petroleum: 261.5 261.5 Natural Natural Gas: Gas: 130.9 130.9 TOTAL: TOTAL: 398.9 398.9 CO CO Fuel Fuel Emissions Emissions (in (in Millions Millions of of Metric Metric Tons Tons of of Carbon Carbon Dioxide Dioxide ----------------------------------------------------------------Coal: Coal: 36.9 36.9 Petroleum: Petroleum: 32.9 32.9 Natural Natural Gas: Gas: 23.2 23.2 TOTAL: TOTAL: 93 93 CHAPTER 4 - RepetitionStructures CT CT Fuel Fuel Emissions Emissions (in (in Millions Millions of of Metric Metric Tons Tons of of Carbon Carbon Dioxide Dioxide ----------------------------------------------------------------Coal: Coal: 4.2 4.2 Petroleum: Petroleum: 32.7 32.7 Natural Gas: Natural Gas: 8.6 8.6 TOTAL: TOTAL: 45.5 45.5 42
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1.5 Spectra: Spectrum channel Vin H channel 2.5 Spectra: V channel Spectra: channel H 4.0 Spectra: channelHVchannel 6.0 Spectra: channel V H 20 channel H 10 10 50 50 50 50 50 50 100 100 100 10 100 100 100 150 150 150 150 150 10 50 50 50 5 100 0 100 V 150 0 150 -5 150 10 5 5 100 0 0 -5 0 150 -5 -10 200 200 200 200 200 200 -10 200 -10 200 200 -10 -15 250 250 250 300 300 300 350 350 350 -10 250 250 250 -15 300 -20 300 300 350 350 350 -20 -15 250 250 250 -20 300 300 -25 300 -25 350 -30 350 350 -30 400 -35 400 -35 400 450 450 -20 -20 -25 -30 -30 400 400 400 450 450 450 -30 400 400 400 450 450 -40 -35 -40 120 20 20 60 4080 6010080 120 100 spectrum in V channel 040429 exp1, cut2, rad#74=180o 180o 40 120 20 450 -40 40 80 40 100 60 80 120 100 Spectrum in H channel Spectra: channel V 040429 exp1, cut3, az#28=180o 50 6020 120 20 40 80 60100 80120100 Spectra: V channel Spectra: channel H 040429, exp1, cut4, rad#342=180o 20 50 50 100 40 50 10 100 100100 20 60 120 20 40 2060 40 80 60 100 80 120 100 Spectra:H channel channel V 040429 exp1, cut5, az#296=180o 120 -40 20 40 60 80 Spectra: channel H V 100 120 50 10 50 50 5 H 150 150150 150 0 0 100100 100 100 100 0 -5 150 150 -5 150 50 5 5 100 chan 10 10 50 50 -40 450 0 Range gates, (1gate = 1km/4) 00 0.5 150150 -5 150 -10 200 -10 200 200200 200 200 -10 200 200 200200 -15 250 -10 250 250250 300 300300 300 -20 -15 250 250 250 250250 -20 -20 300 300 300 -15 250 -20 -25300300 -25 300 -25 350 350350 350 350 350 350 -30350350 -30 -35 400400 -35 -40 -40 350 -30 400 -30 400 400400 450 450450 20 40 60 80 100 040429 exp1 cut1 rad#120=180o 120 20 20 4040 60 60 80 100 100 120 120 040429 exp1, cut2, rad#74=180o 450 -40 400 400 -35 400 450 -40 450 450 20 40 20 60 40 80 60 80100100120120 040429 exp1, cut3, az#28=180o 450450 20 2040 40 60 60 8080 100 100 120 040429, exp1, cut4, rad#342=180o 400 450 20 20 4040 60 60 80 100 100 120 120 040429 exp1, cut5, az#296=180o 20 40 60
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Origins Eniac Numerical Computer 1946 Contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and about 5 million hand-soldered joints. It weighed over 30 short tons (27 t), was roughly 8 by 3 by 100 feet took up 1800 square feet and consumed 150 kW of power. Shutdown in 1955. (Wikipedia, “ENIAC”)
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Communication In a parallel implementation of simple search, tasks can execute independently and need communicate only to report solutions. Chip Chip Size: Size: 25 25 Chip Chip Size: Size: 54 54 Chip Chip Size: Size: 55 55 Chip Chip Size: Size: 64 64 Chip Chip Size: Size: 144 144 Chip Chip Size: Size: 174 174 CS 340 Chip Chip Size: Size: 84 84 Chip Chip Size: Size: 130 130 Chip Chip Size: Size: 140 140 Chip Chip Size: Size: 143 143 Chip Chip Size: Size: 85 85 Chip Chip Size: Size: 65 65 Chip Chip Size: Size: 114 114 Chip Chip Size: Size: 200 200 The parallel algorithm for this problem will also need to keep track of the bounding value (i.e., the smallest chip area found so far), which must be accessed by every task. One possibility would be to encapsulate the bounding value maintenance in a single centralized task with which the other tasks will communicate. This approach is inherently unscalable, since the processor handling the centralized task can only service requests from the other tasks at a particular rate, thus bounding the number of tasks that can execute concurrently. Chip Chip Size: Size: 112 112 Chip Chip Size: Size: 220 220 Chip Chip Size: Size: 150 150 Chip Chip Size: Size: 234 234 Chip Chip Size: Size: 102 102 Page 6
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Partitioning There is no obvious data structure that could be used to perform a decomposition of this problem’s domain into components that could be mapped to separate processors. Chip Chip Size: Size: 25 25 Chip Chip Size: Size: 54 54 Chip Chip Size: Size: 55 55 Chip Chip Size: Size: 64 64 Chip Chip Size: Size: 85 85 Chip Chip Size: Size: 65 65 Chip Chip Size: Size: 84 84 Chip Chip Size: Size: 114 114 Chip Chip Size: Size: 144 144 Chip Chip Size: Size: 200 200 Chip Chip Size: Size: 174 174 Chip Chip Size: Size: 130 130 Chip Chip Size: Size: 140 140 Chip Chip Size: Size: 143 143 Chip Chip Size: Size: 112 112 Chip Chip Size: Size: 220 220 Chip Chip Size: Size: 150 150 Chip Chip Size: Size: 234 234 Chip Chip Size: Size: 102 102 A fine-grained functional decomposition is therefore needed, where the exploration of each search tree node is handled by a separate task. CS 340 This means that new tasks will be created in a wavefront as the search progresses down the search tree, which will be explored in a breadthfirst fashion. Notice that only tasks on the wavefront will be able to execute concurrently. Page 5
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The City University of New York 2016-2017 Year-End Financial Report Expenditures Comparison: Percent of Total Expenditure by College FY2016 Expenditures Adjunct/ PS Regular Temp Service Summer FY2017 Expenditures Total PS OTPS Total Exp PS Regular Adjunct / Summe r Temp Service Total PS Total Proj. Exp OTPS Baruch College Brooklyn College City College Hunter College John Jay College Lehman College Medgar Evers College NYC College of Technology Queens College College of Staten Island York College Graduate Center CUNY School of Law School of Journalism School of Professional Studies School of Public Health 79.5% 78.6% 81.0% 76.5% 73.0% 79.5% 79.4% 69.5% 7.6% 6.1% 3.9% 9.4% 8.7% 7.3% 7.8% 15.0% 2.6% 4.9% 3.1% 4.1% 3.7% 2.4% 3.6% 2.1% 89.7% 89.6% 88.0% 90.1% 85.5% 89.2% 90.8% 86.7% 10.3% 10.4% 12.0% 9.9% 14.5% 10.8% 9.2% 13.3% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 81.2% 79.5% 81.4% 76.9% 74.5% 79.8% 78.0% 72.2% 8.0% 6.8% 5.1% 10.2% 9.6% 8.6% 9.5% 17.2% 2.5% 5.0% 3.3% 4.6% 3.9% 2.7% 4.6% 2.1% 91.7% 91.3% 89.8% 91.7% 87.9% 91.1% 92.1% 91.5% 8.3% 8.7% 10.2% 8.3% 12.1% 8.9% 7.9% 8.5% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 77.9% 76.1% 77.2% 58.2% 70.0% 57.3% 62.4% 7.7% 8.2% 9.4% 0.5% 1.4% 7.2% 12.4% 3.6% 5.0% 2.6% 10.5% 4.2% 5.2% 4.7% 89.2% 89.3% 89.2% 69.2% 75.6% 69.7% 79.5% 10.8% 10.7% 10.8% 30.8% 24.4% 30.3% 20.5% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 79.3% 78.2% 78.9% 58.3% 72.8% 74.5% 62.3% 8.3% 10.0% 9.9% 0.6% 2.3% 9.4% 14.7% 4.0% 4.1% 2.7% 12.7% 5.4% 7.8% 5.5% 91.6% 92.3% 91.4% 71.6% 80.5% 91.7% 82.5% 8.4% 7.7% 8.6% 28.4% 19.5% 8.3% 17.5% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% - - - - - - 79.3% 0.5% 6.0% 85.9% 14.1% 100.0% Senior College Total 75.2% 7.3% 4.2% 86.6% 13.4% 100.0% 76.5% 8.3% 4.5% 89.3% 10.7% 100.0% BMCC Bronx CC Guttman CC Hostos CC Kingsborough CC LaGuardia CC Queensborough CC 63.6% 77.2% 62.7% 72.3% 71.7% 69.4% 74.5% 11.6% 7.8% 2.4% 7.4% 10.1% 10.2% 10.2% 3.0% 4.1% 4.0% 3.3% 6.9% 4.6% 3.2% 78.2% 89.1% 69.1% 83.0% 88.7% 84.2% 87.9% 21.8% 10.9% 30.9% 17.0% 11.3% 15.8% 12.1% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 65.9% 78.6% 64.0% 74.7% 73.2% 72.6% 76.2% 11.6% 8.0% 2.7% 7.4% 9.7% 10.3% 9.7% 3.0% 4.2% 4.4% 3.4% 6.8% 4.7% 3.0% 80.5% 90.9% 71.2% 85.5% 89.8% 87.6% 88.9% 19.5% 9.1% 28.8% 14.5% 10.2% 12.4% 11.1% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Community College Total 70.3% 9.7% 4.2% 84.1% 15.9% 100.0% 72.4% 9.6% 4.1% 86.1% 13.9% 100.0% 9 University Total 73.7% 8.0% 4.2% 85.9% 14.1% 100.0% 75.3% 8.7% 4.4% 88.4% 11.6% 100.0%
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901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 141 141 141 141 141 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 145 145 145 145 145 145 145 145 145 145 145 145 145 145 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 147 147 147 147 147 147 147 147 147 147 147 147 147 147 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 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