Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4 Cycle 5 Instr cache Reg file ALU Data cache Reg file Instr cache Reg file ALU Data cache Reg file Reg file ALU Data cache Instr 3 Instr 5 Instr 4 Instr cache Cycle 7 Cycle 8 Cycle 9 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Writes into $8 Bubble Reg file Task dimension Cycle 4 ALU Bubble Instr cache Reg file Cycle 5 Cycle 6 Reg file Data cache Reg file ALU Data cache Reg file Cycle 8 Cycle 9 Cycle 7 Without data forwarding, three bubbles are needed to resolve a read-after-write data dependency Reads from $8 Time dimension Instr cache Instr 3 Instr 2 Instr 1 Bubble Instr cache Cycle 1 ALU Data cache Reg file Instr cache Reg file ALU Data cache Reg file ALU Data cache Reg file Reg file ALU Data cache Reg file Instr cache Reg file ALU Data cache Bubble Reg file Instr cache Task dimension Writes into $8 Reg file Instr cache Instr 4 Instr 5 Cycle 6 Time dimension Instr 2 Instr 1 Inserting Bubbles in a Pipeline Bubble Two bubbles, if we assume that a register can be updated and read from in one cycle Reads from $8 Reg file Computer Architecture, Data Path and Control Slide 48
XP Modify 3-D chart options • A 3-D chart has several options for modifying the 3-D effect. – Perspective is the illusion that parts of the 3-D chart that are farther away from you decrease in size – Elevation is the illusion that you are looking at the 3-D chart from some particular height—either above or below the chart – You may also rotate the 3-D chart to bring different parts of the chart to the forefront • • • Elevation and rotation are options that you can change with the 3-D View dialog box, available from the Chart menu. Excel creates each 3-D chart with a default elevation, rotation and height. To change the appearance of a 3-D chart once you have created one, make sure it is an active chart then click Chart on the menu bar and then click 3-D View. ﴀNew Perspectives on Microsoft Office 2003, Premium Edition Excel Tutorial 4 27
A More Extensive Pipelining Example Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4 Cycle 5 Cycle 6 Cycle 7 Cycle 8 Clock 0: Load Ifetch Reg/Dec 4: R-type Ifetch Exec Mem Wr Reg/Dec Exec Mem Wr Reg/Dec Exec Mem Wr Ifetch Reg/Dec Exec Mem 8: Store Ifetch 12: Beq (target is 1000) End of Cycle 4 End of Cycle 5 Wr End of End of Cycle 6 Cycle 7 ° End of Cycle 4: Load’s Mem, R-type’s Exec, Store’s Reg, Beq’s Ifetch ° End of Cycle 5: Load’s Wr, R-type’s Mem, Store’s Exec, Beq’s Reg ° End of Cycle 6: R-type’s Wr, Store’s Mem, Beq’s Exec ° End of Cycle 7: Store’s Wr, Beq’s Mem CPE 442 pipeline.36 Intro to Computer Architecture
Control Charts Process Parameter Sample Statistic Process average Sample average Process variability σ Sample range or R, or sample standard deviation S R-chart S-chart Process proportion defective p Sample proportion defectives (P) P-chart Process defects per unit (c) Sample defects per unit (C) C-chart 03/22/2019 rd Name of Chart X X -chart 8
In the diagramed deal, five diamonds doubled was the contract at both tables. In the other room, North opened two diamonds! After Rengstorff (East) passed, South responded two spades, and Krekorian (West) overcalled three hearts. North was still there with four clubs; East raised to four hearts; South bid five diamonds; West doubled; and all passed. East led the heart king. The best play was to ruff that in hand, play a spade to the ace, ruff a spade, ruff a club and basically continue with a crossruff. That would have led to down one. But North won with dummy’s heart ace and discarded his spade queen. Then he ruffed a heart; ruffed a club, bringing down West’s ace; and cashed the diamond ace, getting the bad news. Now came the spade ace, a heart ruff and a club ruff. At this point, if West had overruffed and cashed his two trump winners, it would have resulted in down three, because East had the club queen. But West, defending carefully, discarded. Declarer could take only one more trick by trumping a card. West then ruffed the club king, drew trumps and claimed down three. In the given auction, Woods (North) bid four no-trump to ask his partner to choose a minor. West led the heart jack. Lev (South) started correctly, ruffing in the dummy, playing a spade to his ace, ruffing a spade, ruffing a club, ruffing a spade and ruffing a club with the diamond nine. West overruffed and returned a heart, South winning with his ace, ruffing the spade six and discarding a heart on the club king. West ruffed to give this position: West correctly led the diamond king, which should have resulted in down two, but when declarer won with his ace and played the spade five, West erred by discarding. Now South could lead another spade and score dummy’s diamond ten with a coup en passant for down one.
commentary exposition interpretation In the diagramed deal, five diamonds doubled was the contract at both tables. In the other room, North opened two diamonds! After Rengstorff (East) passed, South responded two spades, and Krekorian (West) overcalled three hearts. North was still there with four clubs; East raised to four hearts; South bid five diamonds; West doubled; and all passed. East led the heart king. The best play was to ruff that in hand, play a spade to the ace, ruff a spade, ruff a club and basically continue with a crossruff. That would have led to down one. But North won with dummy’s heart ace and discarded his spade queen. Then he ruffed a heart; ruffed a club, bringing down West’s ace; and cashed the diamond ace, getting the bad news. Now came the spade ace, a heart ruff and a club ruff. At this point, if West had overruffed and cashed his two trump winners, it would have resulted in down three, because East had the club queen. But West, defending carefully, discarded. Declarer could take only one more trick by trumping a card. West then ruffed the club king, drew trumps and claimed down three. In the given auction, Woods (North) bid four no-trump to ask his partner to choose a minor. West led the heart jack. Lev (South) started correctly, ruffing in the dummy, playing a spade to his ace, ruffing a spade, ruffing a club, ruffing a spade and ruffing a club with the diamond nine. West overruffed and returned a heart, South winning with his ace, ruffing the spade six and discarding a heart on the club king. West ruffed to give this position: West correctly led the diamond king, which should have resulted in down two, but when declarer won with his ace and played the spade five, West erred by discarding. Now South could lead another spade and score dummy’s diamond ten with a coup en passant for down one.
XP Create 3-D charts • To create a 3-D chart, you may choose to do so during the first step of the Chart Wizard, as three-dimensional charts are sub-types of most other charts, such as the pie chart. • To change a chart to a 3-D chart, select the chart, click Chart on the menu bar, and then click Chart Type. • Choose the 3-D option sub-type of whichever chart type you prefer. • There are also several 3-D charts on the Custom Types tab of the Chart Type dialog box. ﴀNew Perspectives on Microsoft Office 2003, Premium Edition Excel Tutorial 4 26
