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Goliath Grouper Suction Feeding Cone A Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 34.9 N/A b 153.6 Cone B Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 34.9 Time 0 c 54.3 N/A d 6.4 e Volume of feeding mechanism before expansion (t0) Cone A Length (mm) Area (mm2) a N/A b Cone B Length (mm) Area (mm2) a Time 1 c d e Volume of feeding mechanism at maximum expansion (t1) Volume change during feeding event (mm3) Duration of feeding event (sec) Area of mouth at maximum expansion (t1) (mm2) Velocity of water flow into mouth (mm/sec) Volume (mm3) Volume (mm3) Volume (mm3) Volume (mm3) 0.132
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Goliath Grouper Suction Feeding Cone A Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 34.9 N/A b 153.6 Cone B Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 34.9 Time 0 c 54.3 N/A d 6.4 e 12.2 Volume of feeding mechanism before expansion (t0) Cone A Length (mm) Area (mm2) a N/A b Cone B Length (mm) Area (mm2) a Time 1 c d e Volume of feeding mechanism at maximum expansion (t1) Volume change during feeding event (mm3) Duration of feeding event (sec) Area of mouth at maximum expansion (t1) (mm2) Velocity of water flow into mouth (mm/sec) Volume (mm3) 195916.8 Volume (mm3) 84289.7 180206.5 Volume (mm3) Volume (mm3) 0.132
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Goliath Grouper Suction Feeding Cone A Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 34.9 N/A b 153.6 Cone B Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 34.9 Time 0 c 54.3 N/A d 6.4 e 12.2 Volume of feeding mechanism before expansion (t0) Cone A Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 39.5 N/A b 161.3 Cone B Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 39.5 Time 1 c 56.4 d 32.6 e Volume of feeding mechanism at maximum expansion (t1) Volume change during feeding event (mm3) Duration of feeding event (sec) Area of mouth at maximum expansion (t1) (mm2) Velocity of water flow into mouth (mm/sec) Volume (mm3) 195916.8 Volume (mm3) 84289.7 280206.5 Volume (mm3) Volume (mm3) 0.132
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Goliath Grouper Suction Feeding Cone A Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 34.9 N/A b 153.6 Cone B Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 34.9 Time 0 c 54.3 N/A d 6.4 e 12.2 Volume of feeding mechanism before expansion (t0) Cone A Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 39.5 N/A b 161.3 Cone B Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 39.5 Time 1 c 56.4 d 32.6 e 266.5 Volume of feeding mechanism at maximum expansion (t1) Volume change during feeding event (mm3) Duration of feeding event (sec) Area of mouth at maximum expansion (t1) (mm2) Velocity of water flow into mouth (mm/sec) Volume (mm3) 195916.8 Volume (mm3) 84289.7 280206.5 Volume (mm3) 263547.1 Volume (mm3) 230974.7 494521.7 214315.3 0.132
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Goliath Grouper Suction Feeding Cone A Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 34.9 N/A b 153.6 Cone B Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 34.9 Time 0 c 54.3 N/A d 6.4 e 12.2 Volume of feeding mechanism before expansion (t0) Cone A Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 39.5 N/A b 161.3 Cone B Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 39.5 Time 1 c 56.4 3338.8 d 32.6 e 266.5 Volume of feeding mechanism at maximum expansion (t1) Volume change during feeding event (mm3) Duration of feeding event (sec) Area of mouth at maximum expansion (t1) (mm2) Velocity of water flow into mouth (mm/sec) Volume (mm3) 195916.8 Volume (mm3) 84289.7 280206.5 Volume (mm3) 263547.1 Volume (mm3) 230974.7 494521.7 214315.3 0.132 3338.8
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Goliath Grouper Suction Feeding Cone A Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 34.9 N/A b 153.6 Cone B Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 34.9 Time 0 c 54.3 N/A d 6.4 e 12.2 Volume of feeding mechanism before expansion (t0) Cone A Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 39.5 N/A b 161.3 Cone B Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 39.5 Time 1 c 56.4 3338.8 d 32.6 e 266.5 Volume of feeding mechanism at maximum expansion (t1) Volume change during feeding event (mm3) Duration of feeding event (sec) Area of mouth at maximum expansion (t1) (mm2) Velocity of water flow into mouth (mm/sec) Volume (mm3) 195916.8 Volume (mm3) 84289.7 280206.5 Volume (mm3) 263547.1 Volume (mm3) 230974.7 494521.7 214315.3 0.132 3338.8 486
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Snook Suction Feeding Cone A Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 2.1 N/A b 27.6 Cone B Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 2.1 Time 0 c 12.3 N/A d 1.8 e Volume of feeding mechanism before expansion (t0) Cone A Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 7.0 N/A b 28.9 Cone B Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 7.0 Time 1 c 12.3 d 5.9 e Volume of feeding mechanism at maximum expansion (t1) Volume change during feeding event (mm3) Duration of feeding event (sec) Area of mouth at maximum expansion (t1) (mm2) Velocity of water flow into mouth (mm/sec) Volume (mm3) Volume (mm3) Volume (mm3) Volume (mm3) 0.036
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Snook Suction Feeding Cone A Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 2.1 N/A b 27.6 Cone B Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 2.1 Time 0 c 12.3 N/A d 1.8 e 73.8 Volume of feeding mechanism before expansion (t0) Cone A Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 7.0 N/A b 28.9 Cone B Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 7.0 Time 1 c 12.3 109.4 d 5.9 e 66.0 Volume of feeding mechanism at maximum expansion (t1) Volume change during feeding event (mm3) Duration of feeding event (sec) Area of mouth at maximum expansion (t1) (mm2) Velocity of water flow into mouth (mm/sec) Volume (mm3) 127.5 Volume (mm3) 147.2 274.7 Volume (mm3) 1482.9 Volume (mm3) 1611.5 3094.4 2819.7 0.036 109.4 716
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Longjaw Butterfly Fish Suction Feeding Cone A Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 5.0 N/A b 14.9 Cone B Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 5.0 Time 0 c 31.2 N/A d 1.1 e Volume of feeding mechanism before expansion (t0) Cone A Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 5.0 N/A b 14.9 Cone B Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 5.0 Time 1 c 31.6 d 1.1 e Volume of feeding mechanism at maximum expansion (t1) Volume change during feeding event (mm3) Duration of feeding event (sec) Area of mouth at maximum expansion (t1) (mm2) Velocity of water flow into mouth (mm/sec) Volume (mm3) Volume (mm3) Volume (mm3) Volume (mm3) 0.022
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Longjaw Butterfly Fish Suction Feeding Cone A Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 5.0 N/A b 14.9 Cone B Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 5.0 Time 0 c 31.2 N/A d 1.1 e 8.8 Volume of feeding mechanism before expansion (t0) Cone A Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 5.0 N/A b 14.9 Cone B Length (mm) Area (mm2) a 5.0 Time 1 c 31.6 3.8 d 1.1 e 8.9 Volume of feeding mechanism at maximum expansion (t1) Volume change during feeding event (mm3) Duration of feeding event (sec) Area of mouth at maximum expansion (t1) (mm2) Velocity of water flow into mouth (mm/sec) Volume (mm3) 390.1 Volume (mm3) 1036.0 1426.1 Volume (mm3) 390.1 Volume (mm3) 1049.3 1439.4 13.3 0.022 3.8 159
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Math & Nature  Fish feeding mechanisms ◦ Suction feeding  Goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara  Questions  What fluid velocity can the goliath grouper generate during suction feeding?  How does suction feeding by the goliath grouper compare to other fish?
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Math & Nature  Suction feeding in the goliath grouper ◦ Given  Volume of the goliath grouper feeding mechanism at rest (t0) and at maximum expansion (t1)  Duration of the feeding event (t1 - t0)  Area of the mouth opening at maximum expansion (t1) 4) Find the velocity of water flow into the mouth of
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Math & Nature  References ◦ Bishop, K.L., Wainwright, P.C., and Holzman, R. (2008). Anterior to posterior wave of buccal expansion in suction feeding fish is critical for optimizing fluid flow velocity profile. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface. 5:1309-1316. ◦ Ferry-Graham, L.A., Wainwright, P.C., and Bellwood, D.R. (2001). Prey capture in long-jawed butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae): the functional basis of novel feeding habits. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 256:167-184. ◦ Galileo Galilei, The Assayer, as translated by Stillman Drake (1957), Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo pp. 237 - 238. New York: Doubleday & Company. ◦ Gibb, A.C. and Ferry-Graham, L.A. (2005). Cranial movements during suction feeding in teleost fishes: Are they modified to enhance suction production? Zoology. 108(2): 141-153. ◦ Grubich, J.R. (2001). Prey Capture in Actinopterygian Fishes: A Review of Suction Feeding Motor Patterns with New Evidence from an Elopomorph Fish, Megalops atlanticus. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 41(6): 1258-1265. ◦ Holzman, R., Day, S.W., and Wainwright, P.C. (2007). Timing is everything: coordination of strike kinematics affects the force exerted by suction feeding fish on attached prey. Journal of Experimental Biology. 210: 3328-3336. ◦ Holzman, R., Day, S.W., Mehta, R.S., and Wainwright, P.C. (2008). Jaw protrusion enhances forces exerted on prey by suction feeding fishes. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface. 5(29): 1445-1457.
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Math & Nature  Suction feeding in the goliath grouper ◦ Given  Dimensions of cone B at maximum expansion (t1) 3) Find the area of the goliath grouper mouth at maximum expansion (t1).  A. Collins mouth
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Math & Nature  Suction feeding in the goliath grouper ◦ Given  Dimensions of cones A and B at maximum expansion (t1) 2) Find the volume of the goliath grouper feeding mechanism at maximum expansion (t1).
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